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Limbo is a programming language for writing distributed systems and is the language used to write applications for the Inferno operating system. It was designed at Bell Labs by Sean Dorward, Phil Winterbottom, and Rob Pike.[1]
| Limbo | |
|---|---|
| Paradigm | Concurrent |
| Designed by | Sean Dorward, Phil Winterbottom, Rob Pike |
| Developer | Bell Labs / Vita Nuova Holdings |
| First appeared | 1995 |
| Typing discipline | Strong |
| OS | Inferno |
| License | GNU GPL v2, see NOTICE in limbo subfolder of the tarball |
| Website | www |
| Major implementations | |
| Dis virtual machine | |
| Influenced by | |
| C, Pascal, CSP, Alef, Newsqueak | |
| Influenced | |
| Stackless Python, Go, Rust | |
The Limbo compiler generates architecture-independent object code which is then interpreted by the Dis virtual machine or compiled just before runtime to improve performance. Therefore all Limbo applications are completely portable across all Inferno platforms.
Limbo's approach to concurrency was inspired by Hoare's communicating sequential processes (CSP), as implemented and amended in Pike's earlier Newsqueak language and Winterbottom's Alef.
Language features
editLimbo supports the following features:
- modular programming
- concurrent programming
- strong type checking at compile and run-time
- interprocess communication over typed channels
- automatic garbage collection
- simple abstract data types
Virtual machine
editThe Dis virtual machine that executes Limbo code is a CISC-like VM, with instructions for arithmetic, control flow, data motion, process creation, synchronizing and communicating between processes, loading modules of code, and support for higher-level data-types: strings, arrays, lists, and communication channels.[2] It uses a hybrid of reference counting and a real-time garbage-collector for cyclic data.[3]
Aspects of the design of Dis were inspired by the AT&T Hobbit microprocessor, as used in the original BeBox.
Examples
editLimbo uses Ada-style definitions as in:
name := type value;
name0,name1 : type = value;
name2,name3 : type;
name2 = value;
Hello world
editimplement Command;
include "sys.m";
sys: Sys;
include "draw.m";
include "sh.m";
init(nil: ref Draw->Context, nil: list of string)
{
sys = load Sys Sys->PATH;
sys->print("Hello World!\n");
}
Books
editThe 3rd edition of the Inferno operating system and Limbo programming language are described in the textbook Inferno Programming with Limbo ISBN 0-470-84352-7 (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), by Phillip Stanley-Marbell. Another textbook The Inferno Programming Book: An Introduction to Programming for the Inferno Distributed System, by Martin Atkins, Charles Forsyth, Rob Pike and Howard Trickey, was started, but never released.
See also
edit
- The Inferno operating system
- Alef, the predecessor of Limbo
- Plan 9 from Bell Labs, operating system
- Go, similar language from Google
- AT&T Hobbit, a processor architecture which inspired the Dis VM
References
edit- ^ "Inferno Application Programming". vitanuova. vitanuova. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
- ^ "Dis Virtual Machine Specification". Vita Nuova. 2000. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
- ^ Lorenz Huelsbergen and Phil Winterbottom (1998). "Very Concurrent Mark and Sweep Garbage Collection without Fine-Grain Synchronization" (PDF). 1998 International Symposium on Memory Management.
External links
edit- Vita Nuova page on Limbo
- A Descent into Limbo by Brian Kernighan
- The Limbo Programming Language by Dennis M. Ritchie and Addendum by Vita Nuova.
- Inferno Programming with Limbo by Phillip Stanley-Marbell
- Threaded programming in the Bell Labs CSP style
- Dis source code, archived from the original on 2025-08-07, retrieved 2025-08-07
- The design of the Inferno virtual machine, Vita nuova.
- "Dis VM design", Inferno (4th ed.), Cat V.
- "Dis VM specification", Inferno (4th ed.), Cat V.